dubbo实践最小治理单元demo

这个示例将使用Spring Boot 3 + Dubbo 3.3，采用Nacos 作为注册中心，完整演示服务定义、暴露和调用。

1. 整体目录结构

dubbo-demo（父工程） ├── pom.xml（父POM，管理版本） ├── common（公共模块） │ ├── pom.xml │ └── src/main/java/com/demo/common/ │ ├── dto/User.java │ └── api/UserService.java // 纯业务接口，无任何注解 ├── service-b（服务提供方，端口8081） │ ├── pom.xml │ ├── src/main/java/com/demo/serviceb/ │ │ ├── ServiceBApplication.java │ │ └── service/ │ │ └── UserServiceImpl.java // 实现 common 中的接口 │ └── src/main/resources/application.yml └── service-a（服务调用方，端口8080） ├── pom.xml ├── src/main/java/com/demo/servicea/ │ ├── ServiceAApplication.java │ └── controller/OrderController.java // 注入 Dubbo 远程服务 └── src/main/resources/application.yml

2. 父工程 pom.xml（根目录）

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><projectxmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.demo</groupId><artifactId>dubbo-demo</artifactId><version>1.0.0</version><packaging>pom</packaging><parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>3.2.8</version><relativePath/></parent><properties><java.version>17</java.version><dubbo.version>3.3.0</dubbo.version></properties><dependencyManagement><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId><artifactId>dubbo-bom</artifactId><version>${dubbo.version}</version><type>pom</type><scope>import</scope></dependency></dependencies></dependencyManagement><modules><module>common</module><module>service-b</module><module>service-a</module></modules></project>

3. common 模块（定义 API 契约）

common/pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><projectxmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><parent><artifactId>dubbo-demo</artifactId><groupId>com.demo</groupId><version>1.0.0</version></parent><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><artifactId>common</artifactId><dependencies><!-- 仅需最基础的依赖，不需要 Dubbo 注解 --><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><optional>true</optional></dependency><!-- 为了兼容 DTO 序列化 --><dependency><groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId><artifactId>jackson-annotations</artifactId></dependency></dependencies></project>

common/src/main/java/com/demo/common/dto/User.java

packagecom.demo.common.dto;importlombok.Data;importjava.io.Serializable;@DatapublicclassUserimplementsSerializable{privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID=1L;privateLongid;privateStringname;privateStringemail;}

common/src/main/java/com/demo/common/api/UserService.java

packagecom.demo.common.api;importcom.demo.common.dto.User;// 注意：这是一个纯 Java 接口，没有任何注解！// 在 Dubbo 中，接口就是契约，不需要 @FeignClient 这类东西publicinterfaceUserService{UsergetUserById(Longid);}

4. service-b 模块（服务提供方）

service-b/pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><projectxmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><parent><artifactId>dubbo-demo</artifactId><groupId>com.demo</groupId><version>1.0.0</version></parent><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><artifactId>service-b</artifactId><dependencies><!-- 依赖 common 模块 --><dependency><groupId>com.demo</groupId><artifactId>common</artifactId><version>1.0.0</version></dependency><!-- Spring Boot Web（提供 HTTP 能力，可选） --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><!-- Dubbo Spring Boot Starter（核心） --><dependency><groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId><artifactId>dubbo-spring-boot-starter</artifactId></dependency><!-- Nacos 注册中心 --><dependency><groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId><artifactId>dubbo-nacos-spring-boot-starter</artifactId></dependency></dependencies></project>

service-b/src/main/resources/application.yml

server:port:8081spring:application:name:service-bdubbo:application:name:service-b# 应用名，与 spring.application.name 一致protocol:name:tri# Triple 协议（Dubbo 3.x 推荐）port:50051# Dubbo 服务端口registry:address:nacos://127.0.0.1:8848# 注册中心地址# 如果使用 Zookeeper，改为: zookeeper://127.0.0.1:2181scan:base-packages:com.demo.serviceb.service# 扫描 @DubboService 注解

service-b/src/main/java/com/demo/serviceb/ServiceBApplication.java

packagecom.demo.serviceb;importorg.apache.dubbo.config.spring.context.annotation.EnableDubbo;importorg.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;importorg.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;@SpringBootApplication@EnableDubbo// 开启 Dubbo 支持（等价于 @EnableDubboConfig + @DubboComponentScan）publicclassServiceBApplication{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){SpringApplication.run(ServiceBApplication.class,args);}}

service-b/src/main/java/com/demo/serviceb/service/UserServiceImpl.java

packagecom.demo.serviceb.service;importcom.demo.common.api.UserService;importcom.demo.common.dto.User;importorg.apache.dubbo.config.annotation.DubboService;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Component@DubboService// 暴露服务到注册中心publicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{@OverridepublicUsergetUserById(Longid){Useruser=newUser();user.setId(id);user.setName("张三（来自Dubbo服务）");user.setEmail("zhangsan@dubbo.com");returnuser;}}

5. service-a 模块（服务调用方）

service-a/pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><projectxmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><parent><artifactId>dubbo-demo</artifactId><groupId>com.demo</groupId><version>1.0.0</version></parent><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><artifactId>service-a</artifactId><dependencies><!-- 依赖 common 模块 --><dependency><groupId>com.demo</groupId><artifactId>common</artifactId><version>1.0.0</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><!-- Dubbo Spring Boot Starter --><dependency><groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId><artifactId>dubbo-spring-boot-starter</artifactId></dependency><!-- Nacos 注册中心 --><dependency><groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId><artifactId>dubbo-nacos-spring-boot-starter</artifactId></dependency></dependencies></project>

service-a/src/main/resources/application.yml

server:port:8080spring:application:name:service-adubbo:application:name:service-aregistry:address:nacos://127.0.0.1:8848# 注册中心地址consumer:check:false# 启动时不检查提供者是否在线（开发环境推荐）timeout:3000# 调用超时时间（毫秒）

service-a/src/main/java/com/demo/servicea/ServiceAApplication.java

packagecom.demo.servicea;importorg.apache.dubbo.config.spring.context.annotation.EnableDubbo;importorg.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;importorg.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;@SpringBootApplication@EnableDubbopublicclassServiceAApplication{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){SpringApplication.run(ServiceAApplication.class,args);}}

service-a/src/main/java/com/demo/servicea/controller/OrderController.java

packagecom.demo.servicea.controller;importcom.demo.common.api.UserService;importcom.demo.common.dto.User;importorg.apache.dubbo.config.annotation.DubboReference;importorg.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;importorg.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;importorg.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestControllerpublicclassOrderController{@DubboReference// 引用远程 Dubbo 服务privateUserServiceuserService;@GetMapping("/order/{id}/user")publicUsergetOrderUser(@PathVariable("id")Longid){// 像调用本地方法一样调用远程服务returnuserService.getUserById(id);}}

6. 启动前准备：启动 Nacos 注册中心

在运行服务之前，你需要启动 Nacos：

# 下载 Nacos 并解压，然后启动（这里以 2.3.0 版本为例）# Mac/Linuxshstartup.sh-mstandalone# Windowsstartup.cmd-mstandalone

如果使用 Zookeeper，则需要启动 Zookeeper 服务，并将配置中的nacos改为zookeeper。

7. 运行测试

1. 先启动 service-b，观察控制台输出，会看到 Dubbo 服务成功注册到 Nacos。
2. 再启动 service-a，观察控制台输出。
3. 访问http://localhost:8080/order/123/user，返回：

{"id":123,"name":"张三（来自Dubbo服务）","email":"zhangsan@dubbo.com"}

8. 与 Feign 版本的关键对比

9. 注意事项（避坑指南）

总结：标准微服务的 Dubbo 最小单元

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ common 模块 (纯 Java 接口 + DTO) │ │ └── UserService.java (无任何注解) │ │ └── User.java (实现 Serializable) │ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ▲ 依赖 ▲ 依赖 │ │ ┌──────────┴──────────┐ ┌─────────────┴────────────┐ │ service-b (提供方) │ │ service-a (调用方) │ │ @EnableDubbo │ │ @EnableDubbo │ │ @DubboService │ │ @DubboReference │ │ 实现 UserService │──RPC─▶ 注入 UserService │ └─────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────────┘