C++中STL容器应用

一、STL容器核心应用

1. vector(动态数组)

特性:连续内存、随机访问O(1)、尾部操作高效

// 高性能数值计算
vector<double> processSensorData() {vector<double> readings;readings.reserve(1000);  // 预分配内存避免多次扩容for(int i=0; i<1000; ++i) {readings.push_back(getSensorValue());}// 使用STL算法处理数据auto max_val = *max_element(readings.begin(), readings.end());transform(readings.begin(), readings.end(), readings.begin(),[max_val](double x) {return x/max_val; });return readings;
}// 二维数组模拟
vector<vector<int>> matrix(5, vector<int>(5, 0));  // 5x5矩阵初始化
 
 

2. list(双向链表)

特性:任意位置插入/删除O(1)、不支持随机访问

// 高频交易订单簿
struct Order {double price;int quantity;
};list<Order> orderBook;// 插入时自动排序
void addOrder(Order newOrder) {auto it = find_if(orderBook.begin(), orderBook.end(),[&](const Order& o) {return o.price > newOrder.price; });orderBook.insert(it, newOrder);
}// 快速删除失效订单
orderBook.remove_if([](const Order& o) {return o.quantity <= 0; });
 
 

3. map/set(红黑树实现)

特性:自动排序、查找O(log n)

// 字典管理
map<string, string> configMap = {{"resolution", "1920x1080"},{"volume", "75"}
};// 安全访问
if(auto it = configMap.find("volume"); it != configMap.end()) {cout << "当前音量:" << it->second << endl;
}// 多键索引
multimap<string, Employee> nameIndex;  // 允许重复键
 
 

4. unordered_map(哈希表)

特性:平均O(1)访问、无序存储

// 快速查找表
unordered_map<string, int> wordCount;// 词频统计
string text = "a quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog";
istringstream iss(text);
string word;
while(iss >> word) {++wordCount[word];
}// 查找高频词
auto highFreq = max_element(wordCount.begin(), wordCount.end(),[](auto& a, auto& b) {return a.second < b.second; });
 
 

5. deque(双端队列)

特性:头尾操作高效、分段连续存储

// 滑动窗口处理
deque<int> window;
const int WINDOW_SIZE = 5;void processData(int newValue) {window.push_back(newValue);if(window.size() > WINDOW_SIZE) {window.pop_front();}// 计算窗口平均值double avg = accumulate(window.begin(), window.end(), 0.0) / window.size();
}
 
 

常见陷阱与解决方案

  1. 迭代器失效问题
    vector<int> vec {1,2,3,4,5};
    for(auto it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end(); ) {if(*it % 2 == 0) {it = vec.erase(it);  // 正确方式} else {++it;}
    }