第一章 Django 基本使用
第二章 Django URL路由系统
第三章 Django 视图系统
第四章 Django 模板系统
第五章 Django 数据模型系统(基本使用)
第六章 Django 数据模型系统(多表操作)
第七章 Django 用户认证与会话技术
第八章 Django CSRF防护

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Django内建函数与HTTP请求流程

Django内建函数

HTTP请求流程

• 建立TCP连接：三次握手
• 发送HTTP请求：进行分装了浏览器信息(方法\URL\浏览器信息等)
• 相应HTTP请求：浏览器进行解析，获取信息
• 关闭TCP连接

Django请求流程

• pc发起请求
• django根据路由转发到不通视图，转发时候会包含浏览器信息(request)
• 视图会httpResponse发给django
• django响应给pc

HttpResponse常用属性和方法

常用属性

Django会建立一个包含请求源数据的HttpResquest对象，当Django加载对应的视图时，HttpRequest对象将作为函数视图的第一个参数(request)，每个视图负责返回一个HttpResponse对象

例如:

def index(request):return HttpResponse("首页")

属性	描述
request.scheme	表示请求协议的字符串(http或https)
request.body	原始HTTP请求正文
request.path	一个字符串，请求页面的完整路径，不包含域名
request.method	一个字符串，请求的HTTP方法，比如GET/POST等
request.GET	GET请求所有参数，返回QueryDict类型
request.POST	POST请求所有参数，返回QueryDict类型
request.COOKIES	以字典格式返回Cookie
request.session	可读写的类似于字典的对象，表示当前的会话
request.FILES	所有上传的文件
request.META	所有上传的文件

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myapp import viewsurlpatterns = [path('index/',views.index),
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
def index(request):print('scheme:',request.scheme)print('body',request.body)print('path:',request.path)print('method:',request.method)print('GET:',request.GET)print('POST:',request.POST)print('COOKIES:',request.COOKIES)print('session:',request.session)print('FILES:',request.FILES)# print(request.META)print(request.META['TERM_PROGRAM'])return HttpResponse("<h1>首页</h1>")

验证

http://49.232.221.200:8888/index/?id=123

GET：<QueryDict: {‘id’: [‘123’]}> 会有一个参数传进来

常用方法

属性	描述
request.get_host()	服务器主机地址和端口
request.get_port()	服务器端口
request.get_full_path()	请求页面后缀
request.get_raw_uri()	请求页面URL所有信息，报货主机名、路径和参数

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myapp import viewsurlpatterns = [path('index/',views.index),
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
def index(request):print(request.get_host())print(request.get_port())print(request.get_full_path())# print(request.get_raw_uri())return HttpResponse("<h1>首页</h1>")

验证

处理URL参数

http://49.232.221.200:8888/index/?id=123&value=100

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myapp import viewsurlpatterns = [path('index/',views.index),
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
def index(request):A = request.GET['id']B = request.GET['value']print(A)print(B)return HttpResponse("<h1>首页</h1>")

验证

HttpRequest对象：QueryDic对象

QueryDic对象介绍

reuqest.GET和request.POST返回的都是一个QueryDict对象，类似于字典

def index(request):req = request.GETprint(type(req))return HttpResponse("首页")

属性	描述
req.get(key,default)	返回key的值，如果key不存在返回default
req.items()	返回迭代器，键值
req.values()	返回迭代器，所有键的值
req.keys()	返回所有键
req.getlist(key,deafult)	返回key的值作为列表，如果key不存在返回default
req.lists()	返回迭代器，所有键的值作为列表
req.dict()	返回字典

### 路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myapp import viewsurlpatterns = [path('index/',views.index),
]

视图

def index(request):A = request.GET['id']B = request.GET['value']# value = request.GET.get('value',None)# print(value)req = request.GETfor i in req.items():print(i)# print(A)# print(B)return HttpResponse("<h1>首页</h1>")

验证

http://49.232.221.200:8888/index/?id=123&value=100

示例1:搜索

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import viewsurlpatterns = [re_path('^search/$',views.search),
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
def search(request):# key = request.GET.get('key')key = request.GET.get('key',None)if key is None:result = "<h1>请输入想要查询的</h1>"else:result = "<h1>你是想要查询 %s 是不是</h1>" %keyreturn HttpResponse(result)

验证

示例2:登录页面

先关闭django防跨站机制进行注释

devops/devops/settings.py
MIDDLEWARE = ['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware','django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware','django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',# 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware','django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware','django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware','django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import views
urlpatterns = [re_path('login/$',views.login,name="login"),path('index/',views.index),
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
# Create your views here.
def login(request):if request.method == "GET":return render(request,"login.html")elif request.method == "POST":# 获取用户通过post提交的用户名和密码username = request.POST.get('username',None)password = request.POST.get('password',None)if username == "wang" and password == "123456":# 登录成功# return HttpResponse("登录成功")return redirect("/index")else:# 登录失败msg = "用户名或密码输入错误!!!"return render(request,"login.html",{"msg":msg})# return render(request,"login.html")
def index(request):return HttpResponse("<h1>首页</h1>")

网页

# templates/login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>登录</title></head><body><form action="{% url "login" %}" method="post">用户名: <input type="text" name="username">密码: <input type="text" name="password"><button type="submit">登录</button></form><span style="color: red">{{ msg }}</span></body>
</html>

验证

http://49.232.221.200:8888/login/
错误示范：


正确示范：

示例3:上传文件头像图片

mkdir -p /data/devops/upload

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import views
urlpatterns = [re_path('user/$',views.user,name="user"),
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
# Create your views here.
def user(request):if request.method == "GET":return render(request,'user.html')elif request.method == "POST":obj = request.FILES.get('touxiang')import osfile_path = os.path.join('upload',obj.name)with open(file_path,mode="wb") as f:for i in obj.chunks():f.write(i)msg = "上传文件成功"return render(request,"user.html",{"msg":msg})

网页

# templates/user.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>用户信息</title></head><body><form action="{% url "user" %}" method="post", enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="file" name="touxiang"><button type="submit">提交头像</button></form><span style="color: red">{{ msg }}</span></body>
</html>

验证

函数

HttpResponse函数

给浏览器返回数据

语法：HTTPResponse(content=响应体，content_type=相应体数据类型，status=状态码)

示例

返回HTML内容

from django.http import HtttpResponse
def hello(request):return HttpResponse("<h1>Hello Django!</h1>")

设置响应头

from django.http import HttpResponse
def hello(request):res = HttpResponse("Hello APP!")res['name'] = "aliang"res.status_code = 302

路由

# devops/devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import views
urlpatterns = [re_path('index/$',views.index),
]

视图

# devops/devops/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
def index(request):res = HttpResponse("<h1>首页</h1>")res['username'] = "wq"res.status_code = 700return res

验证

URL:http://49.232.221.200:8888/index/

render函数

render指定模板，返回一个渲染后的HttpResponse对象

语法： render(request,template_name,context=None,content_type=None,status=None,using=None)

• request:固定参数，django封装的要求
• template_name:返回html模板
• context：传入模板中的内容，用于渲染模板，默认空字典

示例

from django.shortcuts import render
from datetime import datetime
def current_datetime(request):now = datetime.now()return render(request,'demo.html',{'datetime':now})

路由

# devops/devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import views
urlpatterns = [re_path('date/$',views.date),
]

视图

# devops/devops/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
# Create your views here.
def date(request):from datetime import datetimenow = datetime.now()return render(request,'date.html',{'now':now})

网页

# devops/templates/date.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>显示当前时间</title></head><body>{{ now }}</body>
</html>

验证

URL:http://49.232.221.200:8888/date/

redrict函数

redrict函数：重定向，发起第二次其你去

语法： redirect(to,*args,**kwargs)

参数可以是：

• 一个视图
• 一个绝对的或者相对的URL
• 一个模型，对象是重定向的URL

示例

from django.shortcuts import redirect
def test)redirect(request):return redirect('https://www.baidu.com')

路由

# devops/devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import views
urlpatterns = [re_path('date/$',views.date),
]

视图

# devops/devops/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
# Create your views here.
def date(request):from datetime import datetimenow = datetime.now()# return render(request,'date.html',{'now':now})# return redirect('http://www.baidu.com')return redirect('/index')
def index(request):res = HttpResponse("<h1>首页</h1>")res['username'] = "wq"res.status_code = 700return res

验证

访问：http://49.232.221.200:8888/date
会跳到:http://49.232.221.200:8888/index/

流处理函数,实现图片下载

StreamingHttpResponse函数

StreamingHttpResponse函数：流式响应可迭代对象

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import viewsurlpatterns = [re_path('upload_list/$',views.upload_list),re_path('download/(?P<filename>.*)$',views.download,name="download")
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
import os
from django.http import StreamingHttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def upload_list(request):file_list=os.listdir('upload')return render(request,"upload_list.html",{'file_list':file_list})def download(request,filename):file_path=os.path.join('upload',filename) # 使用os拼接可以有效的防止windwos反斜杠路径res=StreamingHttpResponse(open(file_path,'rb'))# 因为没有定义头部信息，浏览器读取出来是乱码，所以定义下# 传输流res['Content-Type']='application/octet-stream'# 加描述res['Content-Disposition']='attachment: filename=%s' %(os.path.basename(file_path))return res

网页

# templates/upload_list.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>文件列表</title></head><body>{% for i in file_list %}<a href="{% url 'download' i %}">{{ i }}</a><br>{% endfor %}</body>
</html>

验证

FileResponse函数

FileResponse函数：如果提供文件下载建议方法

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import viewsurlpatterns = [re_path('upload_list/$',views.upload_list),re_path('download/(?P<filename>.*)$',views.download,name="download")
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
import os
from django.http import StreamingHttpResponse,FileResponse
# Create your views here.
def upload_list(request):file_list=os.listdir('upload')return render(request,"upload_list.html",{'file_list':file_list})def download(request,filename):file_path=os.path.join('upload',filename) # 使用os拼接可以有效的防止windwos反斜杠路径res=FileResponse(open(file_path,'rb'))# 因为没有定义头部信息，浏览器读取出来是乱码，所以定义下# 传输流res['Content-Type']='application/octet-stream'# 加描述res['Content-Disposition']='attachment: filename=%s' %(os.path.basename(file_path))return res

网页

# templates/upload_list.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>文件列表</title></head><body>{% for i in file_list %}<a href="{% url 'download' i %}">{{ i }}</a><br>{% endfor %}</body>
</html>

验证

JsonResponse函数

响应一个JSON对象

示例

from django.http import JsonResponse
def test_response(request):res={ 'foo' : 'bar' }return JsonResponse(res)

路由

# devops/urls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from myapp import viewsurlpatterns = [re_path('api/$',views.api)
]

视图

# myapp/views.py
from django.http import JsonResponse
def api(request):res={ 'foo':'bar','age':'30'}return JsonResponse(res)

验证